Excerpt from the Confessions of Nat Turner

From http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/D/1826-1850/slavery/confes01.htm

In the most important and best-documented slave insurrection in Southern history, Nat Turner, son of an African-born slave mother in Southampton County, Virginia, led an uprising of sixty or seventy slaves. As his remarkable confession indicates, he was a precocious youth and became a preacher motivated by mystical voices to fulfill a dream to liberate his people. He admitted that his own master, Joseph Travis, was a kindly person; yet he and his family were the first to be slaughtered. At least 51 – Gray says 55 – were murdered the night of the uprising, August 21, 1831, The details are given in the Confessions below.

to Southerners because the Southern press had reported insurrections in at least a half dozen places in the Caribbean or West Indies and one in North Carolina. (There is no proof of concerted conspiracy between Turner and the principals of the Carolina episode, however.) Following the massacre, the community tracked down suspects and killed an undetermined number, and the Court ordered sixteen executed and many more jailed or transported. Nat Turner went to the gallows, saying that he had nothing to add to his Confession.

The Nat Turner insurrection shocked the South and led most slave-state legislatures to pass stringent codes for policing. The flourishing emancipation movement in the South began to falter. Southerners came to believe that the revolt was connected with the rise of abolitionism, specifically with the publication of Garrison’s Liberator in that same year of 1831, but this has never been proved. More tangible is the fact that Southerners never quite recovered from the fear of incipient slave insurrections despite the wordy reassurances of Thomas R. Dew and the proslavery propagandists that there was nothing to fear.

This edition of The Confessions of Nat Turner is complete. Only the appendices and prefatory material have been omitted. Punctuation and spelling have occasionally been silently corrected.

Since the commencement of 1830, I had been living with Mr. Joseph Travis, who was to me a kind master, and placed the greatest confidence in me; in fact, I had no cause to complain of his treatment to me. On Saturday evening, the 20th of August, it was agreed between Henry, Hark and myself, to prepare a dinner the next day for the men we expected, and then to concert a plan, as we had not yet determined on any. Hark on the following morning brought a pig, and Henry brandy, and being joined by Sam, Nelson, Will and Jack, they prepared in the woods a dinner, where, about three o’clock, I joined them.

I saluted them on coming up, and asked Will how came he there; he answered, his life was worth no more than others, and his liberty as dear to him. I asked him if he thought to obtain it? He said he would, or lose his life. This was enough to put him in full confidence. Jack, I knew, was only a tool in the hands of Hark, it was quickly agreed we should commence at home (Mr. J. Travis’) on that night, and until we had armed and equipped ourselves, and gathered sufficient force, neither age nor sex was to be spared, (which was invariably adhered to.) We remained at the feast until about two hours in the night, when we went to the house and found Austin; they all went to the cider press and drank, except myself. On returning to the house, Hark went to the door with an axe, for the purpose of breaking it open, as we knew we were strong enough to murder the family, if they were awaked by the noise; but reflecting that it might create an alarm in the neighborhood, we determined to enter the house secretly, and murder them whilst sleeping.

Hark got a ladder and set it against the chimney, on which I ascended, and hoisting a window, entered and came down stairs, unbarred the door, and removed the guns from their places. It was then observed that I must spill the first blood. On which armed with a hatchet, and accompanied by Will, I entered my master’s chamber; it being dark, I could not give a death blow, the hatchet glanced from his head, he sprang from the bed and called his wife, it was his last word. Will laid him dead, with a blow of his axe, and Mrs. Travis shared the same fate, as she lay in bed. The murder of this family five in number, was the work of a moment, not one of them awoke; there was a little infant sleeping in a cradle, that was forgotten, until we had left the house and gone some distance, when Henry and Will returned and killed it; we got here, four guns that would shoot, and several old muskets, with a pound or two of powder.

We remained some time at the barn, where we paraded; I formed them in a line as soldiers, and after carrying them through all the manoeuvres I was master of, marched them off to Mr. Salathul Francis’, about six hundred yards distant. Sam and Will went to the door and knocked. Mr. Francis asked who was there, Sam replied it was him, and he had a letter for him, on which he got up and came to the door; they immediately seized him, and dragging him out a little from the door, he was dispatched by repeated blows on the head; there was no other white person in the family.

We started from there for Mrs. Reese’s, maintaining the most perfect silence on our march, where finding the door unlocked, we entered, and murdered Mrs. Reese in her bed, while sleeping; her son awoke, but it was only to sleep the sleep of death, he had only time to say who is that, and he was no more. From Mrs. Reese’s we went to Mrs. Turner’s, a mile distant, which we reached about sunrise, on Monday morning. Henry, Austin, and Sam, went to the still, where, finding Mr. Peebles, Austin shot him, and the rest of us went to the house; as we approached, the family discovered us, and shut the door. Vain hope! Will, with one stroke of his axe, opened it, and we entered and found Mrs. Turner and Mrs. Newsome in the middle of a room almost frightened to death. Will immediately killed Mrs. Turner, with one blow of his axe. I took Mrs. Newsome by the hand, and with the sword I had when I was apprehended, I struck her several blows over the head, but not being able to kill her, as the sword was dull. Will turning around and discovering it, dispatched her also. A general destruction of property and search for money and ammunition, always succeeded the murders.

By this time my company amounted to fifteen, and nine men mounted, who started for Mrs. Whitehead’s, (the other six were to go through a by way to Mr. Bryant’s, and rejoin us at Mrs. White head’s,) as we approached the house we discovered Mr. Richard Whitehead standing in the cotton patch, near the lane fence; we called him over into the lane, and Will, the executioner, was near at hand, with his fatal axe, to send him to an untimely grave. As we pushed on to the house, I discovered someone run round the garden, and thinking it was some of the white family, I pursued them, but finding it was a servant girl belonging to the house, I returned to commence the work of death, but they whom I left, had not been idle; all the family were already murdered, but Mrs. Whitehead and her daughter Margaret. As I came round to the door I saw Will pulling Mrs. Whitehead out of the house, and at the step he nearly severed her head from her body, with his broad axe. Miss Margaret, when I discovered her, had concealed herself in the corner, formed by the projection of the cellar cap from the house; on my approach she fled, but was soon overtaken, and after repeated blows with a sword, I killed her by a blow on the head, with a fence rail. By this time, the six who had gone by Mr. Bryant’s, rejoined us, and informed me they had done the work of death assigned them.

We again divided, part going to Mr. Richard Porter’s, and from thence to Nathaniel Francis’, the others to Mr. Howell Harris’, and Mr. T. Doyle’s. On my reaching Mr. Porter’s, he had escaped with his family. I understood there, that the alarm had already spread, and I immediately returned to bring up those sent to Mr. Doyle’s, and Mr. Howell Harris’; the party I left going on to Mr. Francis’, having told them I would join them in that neighborhood. I met these sent to Mr. Doyle’s and Mr. Harris’ returning, having met Mr. Doyle on the road and killed him; and learning from some who joined them, that Mr. Harris was from home, I immediately pursued the course taken by the party gone on before; but knowing they would complete the work of death and pillage, at Mr. Francis’ before I could get there, I went to Mr. Peter Edwards’, expecting to find them there, but they had been here also. I then went to Mr. John T. Barrow’s, they had been here and murdered him. I pursued on their track to Capt. Newit Harris’, where I found the greater part mounted, and ready to start; the men now amounting to about forty, shouted and hurraed as I rode up, some were in the yard, loading their guns, others drinking. They said Captain Harris and his family had escaped, the property in the house they destroyed, robbing him of money and other valuables. I ordered them to mount and march instantly, this was about nine or ten o’clock, Monday morning.

I proceeded to Mr. Levi Waller’s, two or three miles distant. I took my station in the rear, and as it was my object to carry terror and devastation wherever we went, I placed fifteen or twenty of the best armed and most to be relied on, in front, who generally approached the houses as fast as their horses could run; this was for two purposes, to prevent their escape and strike terror to the inhabitants – on this account I never got to the houses, after leaving Mrs. Whitehead’s until the murders were committed, except in one case. I sometimes got in sight in time to see the work of death completed, viewed the mangled bodies as they lay, in silent satisfaction, and immediately started in quest of other victims – Having murdered Mrs. Waller and ten children, we started for Mr. William Williams’ – having killed him and two little boys that were there; while engaged in this, Mrs. Williams fled and got some distance from the house, but she was pursued, overtaken, and compelled to get up behind one of the company, who brought her back, and after showing her the mangled body of her lifeless husband, she was told to get down and lay by his side, where she was shot dead.

I then started for Mr. Jacob Williams’, where the family were murdered – Here we found a young man named Drury, who had come on business with Mr. Williams – he was pursued, overtaken and shot. Mrs. Vaughan’s was the next place we visited – and after murdering the family here, I determined on starting for Jerusalem – Our number amounted now to fifty or sixty, all mounted and armed with guns, axes, swords and clubs- On reaching Mr. James W. Parker’s gate, immediately on the road leading to Jerusalem, and about three miles distant, it was proposed to me to call there, but I objected, as I knew he was gone to Jerusalem, and my object was to reach there as soon as possible; but some of the men having relations at Mr. Parker’s it was agreed that they might call and get his people. I remained at the gate on the road, with seven or eight; the others going across the field to the house, about half a mile off. After waiting some time for them, I became impatient, and started to the house for them, and on our return we were met by a party of white men, who had pursued our blood-stained track, and who had fired on those at the gate, and dispersed them, which I knew nothing of, not having been at that time rejoined by any of them – Immediately on discovering the whites, I ordered my men to halt and form, as they appeared to be alarmed – The white men eighteen in number, approached us in about one hundred yards, when one of them fired, (this was against the positive orders of Captain Alexander P. Peete, who commanded, and who had directed the men to reserve their fire until within thirty paces.) And I discovered about half of them retreating, I then ordered my men to fire and rush on them; the few remaining stood their ground until we approached within fifty yards, when they fired and retreated. We pursued and overtook some of them who we thought we left dead; (they were not killed) after pursuing them about two hundred yards, and rising a little hill, I discovered they were met by another party, and had halted, and were re-loading their guns, (this was a small party from Jerusalem who knew the negroes were in the field, and had just tied their horses to await their return to the road, knowing that Mr. Parker and family were in Jerusalem, but knew nothing of the party that had gone in with Captain Peete; on hearing the firing they immediately rushed to the spot and arrived just in time to arrest the progress of these barbarous villains, and save the lives of their friends and fellow citizens.) Thinking that those who retreated first, and the party who fired on us at fifty or sixty yards distant, had all only fallen back to meet others with ammunition. As I saw them re-loading their guns, and more coming up than I saw at first, and several of my bravest men being wounded, the others became panic struck and squandered over the field; the white men pursued and fired on us several times. Hark had his horse shot under him, and I caught another for him as it was running by me; five or six of my men were wounded, but none left on the field; finding myself defeated here I instantly determined to go through a private way, and cross the Nottoway river at the Cypress Bridge, three miles below Jerusalem, and attack that place in the rear, as I expected they would look for me on the other road, and I had a great desire to get there to procure arms and ammunition. After going a short distance in this private way, accompanied by about twenty men, I overtook two or three who told me the others were dispersed in every direction. After trying in vain to collect a sufficient force to proceed to Jerusalem, I determined to return, as I was sure they would make back to their old neighborhood, where they would rejoin me, make new recruits, and come down again.

On my way back, I called at Mrs. Thomas’s, Mrs. Spencer’s, and several other places, the white families having fled, we found no more victims to gratify our thirst for blood, we stopped at Majr. Ridley’s quarter for the night, and being joined by four of his men, with the recruits made since my defeat, we mustered now about forty strong. After placing out sentinels, I laid down to sleep, but was quickly roused by a great racket; starting up, I found some mounted, and others in great confusion; one of the sentinels having given the alarm that we were about to be attacked, I ordered some to ride round and reconnoiter, and on their return the others being more alarmed, not knowing who they were, fled in different ways, so that I was reduced to about twenty again; with this I determined to attempt to recruit, and proceed on to rally in the neighborhood, I had left. Dr. Blunt’s was the nearest house, which we reached just before day; on riding up the yard, Hark fired a gun. We expected Dr. Blunt and his family were at Maj. Ridley’s, as I knew there was a company of men there; the gun was fired to ascertain if any of the family were at home; we were immediately fired upon and retreated leaving several of my men. I do not know what became of them, as I never saw them afterwards.

Pursuing our course back, and coming in sight of Captain Harris’s, where we had been the day before, we discovered a party of white men at the house, on which all deserted me but two, (Jacob and Nat,) we concealed ourselves in the woods until near night, when I sent them in search of Henry, Sam, Nelson and Hark, and directed them to rally all they could, at the place we had had our dinner the Sunday before, where they would find me, and I accordingly returned there as soon as it was dark, and remained until Wednesday evening, when discovering white men riding around the place as though they were looking for some one, and none of my men joining me, I concluded Jacob and Nat had been taken, and compelled to betray me.

On this I gave up all hope for the present; and on Thursday night, after having supplied myself with provisions from Mr. Travis’s, I scratched a hole under a pile of fence rails in a field, where I concealed myself for six weeks, never leaving my hiding place but for a few minutes in the dead of night to get water, which was very near; thinking by this time I could venture out, I began to go about in the night and eaves drop the houses in the neighborhood; pursuing this course for about a fortnight and gathering little or no intelligence, afraid of speaking to any human being, and returning every morning to my cave before the dawn of day. I know not how long I might have led this life, if accident had not betrayed me, a dog in the neighborhood passing by my hiding place one night while I was out, was attracted by some meat I had in my cave, and crawled in and stole it, and was coming out just as I returned. A few nights after, two negroes having started to go hunting with the same dog, and passed that way, the dog came again to the place, and having just gone out to walk about, discovered me and barked, on which thinking myself discovered, I spoke to them to beg concealment. On making myself known, they fled from me. Knowing then they would betray me, I immediately left my hiding place, and was pursued almost incessantly until I was taken a fortnight afterwards by Mr. Benjaiin Phipps, in a little hole I had dug out with my sword, for the purpose of concealment, under the top of a fallen tree. On Mr. Phipps discovering the place of my concealment, he cocked his gun and aimed at me. I requested him not to shoot, and I would give up, upon which be dernanded my sword. I delivered it to him, and he brought me to prison. During the time I was pursued, I had many hair breadth escapes, which your time will not permit you to relate. I am here loaded with chains, and willing to suffer the fate that awaits me.

William Lloyd Garrison, radical abolitionist

From the PBS series Africans in America, here is a simple biography of William Lloyd Garrison: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1561.html

See pp. 386-390 in your text for more information.

Romanticism links

Here is a post from the State Department (yes, strangely enough!) on the Romantic era writers here in America: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/05/20080512215714eaifas0.1850855.html#axzz2jDSLvTtp This link also includes information on Transcendentalism (and Emerson and Thoreau) as well as several other writers mentioned in this unit.

Many Romantic era poets wrote sonnets, which are an amazing poetic form: http://www.sonnets.org/romantic.htm

Here is the summary from the Norton Anthology of English Literature. This site in general could be VERY helpful in English class: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/romantic/review/summary.htm I would bookmark this site, if I were you, along with the one for American Literature here: http://wwnorton.com/college/english/naal8/  and African American Literature here:

And, just to keep your musical education up to date, here’s some info on Romantic era composers: http://www.talkclassical.com/blogs/peeyaj/146-greatest-composers-romantic-era.html

An apologia for slavery

“The Universal Law of Slavery,” by George Fitzhugh

George Fitzhugh was famous as an apologist for slavery. As you read, consider the following questions:
1. What are Fitzhugh’s reasons for supporting slavery?
2. In what way is his argument Orwellian?
3. How does Fitzhugh compare slaves with wage earners in the North?
4. What religious justification does he make?

He the Negro is but a grown up child, and must be governed as a child, not as a lunatic or criminal. The master occupies toward him the place of parent or guardian. We shall not dwell on this view, for no one will differ with us who thinks as we do of the negro’s capacity, and we might argue till dooms-day in vain, with those who have a high opinion of the negro’s moral and intellectual capacity.

Secondly. The negro is improvident; will not lay up in summer for the wants of winter; will not accumulate in youth for the exigencies of age. He would become an insufferable burden to society. Society has the right to prevent this, and can only do so by subjecting him to domestic slavery. In the last place, the negro race is inferior to the white race, and living in their midst, they would be far outstripped or outwitted in the chaos of free competition. Gradual but certain extermination would be their fate. We presume the maddest abolitionist does not think the negro’s providence of habits and money-making capacity at all to compare to those of the whites. This defect of character would alone justify enslaving him, if he is to remain here. In Africa or the West Indies, he would become idolatrous, savage and cannibal, or be devoured by savages and cannibals. At the North he would freeze or starve.

We would remind those who deprecate and sympathize with negro slavery, that his slavery here relieves him from a far more cruel slavery in Africa, or from idolatry and cannibalism, and every brutal vice and crime that can disgrace humanity; and that it christianizes, protects, supports and civilizes him; that it governs him far better than free laborers at the North are governed. There, wife-murder has become a mere holiday pastime; and where so many wives are murdered, almost all must be brutally treated. Nay, more; men who kill their wives or treat them brutally, must be ready for all kinds of crime, and the calendar of crime at the North proves the inference to be correct. Negroes never kill their wives. If it be objected that legally they have no wives, then we reply, that in an experience of more than forty years, we never yet heard of a negro man killing a negro woman. Our negroes are not only better off as to physical comfort than free laborers, but their moral condition is better.

The negro slaves of the South are the happiest, and, in some sense, the freest people in the world. The children and the aged and infirm work not at all, and yet have all the comforts and necessaries of life provided for them. They enjoy liberty, because they are oppressed neither by care nor labor. The women do little hard work, and are protected from the despotism of their husbands by their masters. The negro men and stout boys work, on the average, in good weather, not more than nine hours a day. The balance of their time is spent in perfect abandon. Besides’ they have their Sabbaths and holidays. White men, with so much of license and liberty, would die of ennui; but negroes luxuriate in corporeal and mental repose. With their faces upturned to the sun, they can sleep at any hour; and quiet sleep is the greatest of human enjoyments. “Blessed be the man who invented sleep.” ‘Tis happiness in itself–and results from contentment with the present, and confident assurance of the future.

A common charge preferred against slavery is, that it induces idleness with the masters. The trouble, care and labor, of providing for wife, children and slaves, and of properly governing and administering the whole affairs of the farm, is usually borne on small estates by the master. On larger ones, he is aided by an overseer or manager. If they do their duty, their time is fully occupied. If they do not, the estate goes to ruin. The mistress, on Southern farms, is usually more busily, usefully and benevolently occupied than any one on the farm. She unites in her person, the offices of wife, mother, mistress, housekeeper, and sister of charity. And she fulfills all these offices admirably well. The rich men, in free society, may, if they please, lounge about town, visit clubs, attend the theatre, and have no other trouble than that of collecting rents, interest and dividends of stock. In a well constituted slave society, there should be no idlers. But we cannot divine how the capitalists in free society are to put to work. The master labors for the slave, they exchange industrial value. But the capitalist, living on his income, gives nothing to his subjects. He lives by mere exploitations.

The Black American: A Documentary History, Third Edition, by Leslie H. Fishel, Jr. and Benjamin Quarles, Scott, Foresman and Company, Illinois, 1976,1970

The other apologist reading I gave you in class can be found here (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h3439t.html)

Biblical passages on Slavery

Just a few used to talk about slavery from a Biblical standpoint:Biblical slavery passages

Fear of Slave Insurrections in the Antebellum South

From Chapter 12 of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, by Harriet Jacobs

From http://www.unl.edu/Price/dickinson/analogue11.html
Harriet Jacobs’s narrative of her experience under and escape from slavery, Incidents in the Life of Slave Girl, was to be published by Thayer and Eldridge of Boston in the early 1860s. While they produced the stereotype plates for the book, Thayer and Eldridge went bankrupt before the book could appear. Jacobs arranged to purchase the plates and soon had another Boston printer publish Incidents “for the author” in 1861.

One of the very few editorial suggestions made by Lydia Maria Child, who edited and wrote the introduction for Incidents, was to expand the section of Jacobs’s manuscript that described the aftermath of Nat Turner’s rebellion. The result was chapter 12, “Fear of Insurrection,” which describes white violence against blacks following the revolt. The chapter departs from the overall plot of Incidents, which dramatizes Jacobs’s efforts to resist the sexual aggressions of her owner and later to rescue her children from slavery and reconstitute her family.

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Not far from this time Nat Turner’s insurrection broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. Strange that they should be alarmed, when their slaves were so “contented and happy”! But so it was.

It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every white man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. The poor whites took their places in the ranks in every-day dress, some without shoes, some without hats. This grand occasion had already passed; and when the slaves were told there was to be another muster, they were surprised and rejoiced. Poor creatures! They thought it was going to be a holiday. I was informed of the true state of affairs, and impaired it to the few I could trust. Most gladly would I have proclaimed it to every slave; but I dared not. All could not be relied on. Mighty is the power of the torturing lash.

By sunrise, people were pouring in from every quarter within twenty miles of the town. I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor whites. I knew nothing annoyed them so much as to see colored people living in comfort and respectability; so I made arrangements for them with especial care. I arranged every thing in my grandmother’s house as neatly as possible. I put white quilts on the beds, and decorated some of the rooms with flowers. When all was arranged, I sat down at the window to watch. Far as my eye could reach, it rested on a motley crowd of soldiers. Drums and fifes were discoursing martial music. The men were divided into companies of sixteen, each headed by a captain. Orders were given, and the wild scouts rushed in every direction, wherever a colored face was to be found.

It was a grand opportunity for the low whites, who had no negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subservience to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. Those who never witnessed such scenes can hardly believe what I know was inflicted at this time on innocent men, women, and children, against whom there was not the slightest ground for suspicion. Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection. Every where men, women, and children were whipped till the blood stood in puddles at their feet. Some received five hundred lashes; others were tied hands and feet, and tortured with a bucking paddle, which blisters the skin terribly. The dwellings of the colored people, unless they happened to be protected by some influential white person, who was nigh at hand, were robbed of clothing and every thing else the marauders thought worth carrying away. All day long these unfeeling wretches went round, like a troop of demons, terrifying and tormenting the helpless. At night, they formed themselves into patrol bands, and went wherever they chose among the colored people, acting out their brutal will. Many women hid themselves in woods and swamps, to keep out of their way. If any of the husbands or fathers told of these outrages, they were tied up to the public whipping post, and cruelly scourged for telling lies about white men. The consternation was universal. No two people that had the slightest tinge of color in their faces dared to be seen talking together.

I entertained no positive fears about our household, because we were in the midst of white families who would protect us. We were ready to receive the soldiers whenever they came. It was not long before we heard the tramp of feet and the sound of voices. The door was rudely pushed open; and in they tumbled, like a pack of hungry wolves. They snatched at every thing within their reach. Every box, trunk, closet, and corner underwent a thorough examination. A box in one of the drawers containing some silver change was eagerly pounced upon. When I stepped forward to take it from them, one of the soldiers turned and said angrily, “What d’ye foller us fur? D’ye s’pose white folks is come to steal?”

I replied, “You have come to search; but you have searched that box, and I will take it, if you please.”

At that moment I saw a white gentleman who was friendly to us; and I called to him, and asked him to have the goodness to come in and stay till the search was over. He readily complied. His entrance into the house brought in the captain of the company, whose business it was to guard the outside of the house, and see that none of the inmates left it. This officer was Mr. Litch, the wealthy slaveholder whom I mentioned, in the account of neighboring planters, as being notorious for his cruelty. He felt above soiling his hands with the search. He merely gave orders; and, if a bit of writing was discovered, it was carried to him by his ignorant followers, who were unable to read.

My grandmother had a large trunk of bedding and table cloths. When that was opened, there was a great shout of surprise; and one exclaimed, “Where’d the damned n—-s git all dis sheet an’ table clarf’?”

My grandmother, emboldened by the presence of our white protector, said, “You may be sure we didn’t pilfer ’em from your houses.”

“Look here, mammy,” said a grim-looking fellow without any coat, “you seem to feel mighty gran’ ’cause you got all them ‘ere fixens. White folks oughter have ’em all.”

His remarks were interrupted by a chorus of voices shouting, “We’s got ’em! We’s got ’em! Dis ‘ere yaller gal’s got letters!”

There was a general rush for the supposed letter, which, upon examination, proved to be some verses written to me by a friend. In packing away my things, I had overlooked them. When their captain informed them of their contents, they seemed much disappointed. He inquired of me who wrote them. I told him it was one of my friends. “Can you read them?” he asked. When I told him I could, he swore, and raved, and tore the paper into bits. “Bring me all your letters!” said he, in a commanding tone. I told him I had none. “Don’t be afraid,” he continued, in an insinuating way. “Bring them all to me. Nobody shall do you any harm.” Seeing I did not move to obey him, his pleasant tone changed to oaths and threats. “Who writes to you? half free n—–s?” inquired he. I replied, “O, no; most of my letters are from white people. Some request me to burn them after they are read, and some I destroy without reading.”

An exclamation of surprise from some of the company put a stop to our conversation. Some silver spoons which ornamented an old-fashioned buffet had just been discovered. My grandmother was in the habit of preserving fruit for many ladies in the town, and of preparing suppers for parties; consequently she had many jars of preserves. The closet that contained these was next invaded, and the contents tasted. One of them, who was helping himself freely, tapped his neighbor on the shoulder, and said, “Wal done! Don’t wonder de n—–s want to kill all de white folks, when dey live on ‘sarves.” I stretched out my hand to take the jar, saying, “You were not sent here to search for sweetmeats. ”

“And what were we sent for?” said the captain, bristling up to me. I evaded the question.

The search of the house was completed, and nothing found to condemn us. They next proceeded to the garden, and knocked about every bush and vine, with no better success. The captain called his men together, and, after a short consultation, the order to march was given. As they passed out of the gate, the captain turned back, and pronounced a malediction on the house. He said it ought to be burned to the ground, and each of its inmates receive thirty-nine lashes. We came out of this affair very fortunately; not losing any thing except some wearing apparel.

Towards evening the turbulence increased. The soldiers, stimulated by drink, committed still greater cruelties. Shrieks and shouts continually rent the air. Not daring to go to the door, I peeped under the window curtain. I saw a mob dragging along a number of colored people, each white man, with his musket upraised, threatening instant death if they did not stop their shrieks. Among the prisoners was a respectable old colored minister. They had found a few parcels of shot in his house, which his wife had for years used to balance her scales. For this they were going to shoot him on Court House Green. What a spectacle was that for a civilized country! A rabble, staggering under intoxication, assuming to be the administrators of justice!

The better class of the community exerted their influence to save the innocent, persecuted people; and in several instances they succeeded, by keeping them shut up in jail till the excitement abated. At last the white citizens found that their own property was not safe from the lawless rabble they had summoned to protect them. They rallied the drunken swarm, drove them back into the country, and set a guard over the town.

The next day, the town patrols were commissioned to search colored people that lived out of the city; and the most shocking outrages were committed with perfect impunity. Every day for a fortnight, if I looked out, I saw horsemen with some poor panting negro tied to their saddles, and compelled by the lash to keep up with their speed, till they arrived at the jail yard. Those who had been whipped too unmercifully to walk were washed with brine, tossed into a cart, and carried to jail. One black man, who had not fortitude to endure scourging, promised to give information about the conspiracy. But it turned out that he knew nothing at all. He had not even heard the name of Nat Turner. The poor fellow had, however, made up a story, which augmented his own sufferings and those of the colored people.

The day patrol continued for some weeks, and at sundown a night guard was substituted. Nothing at all was proved against the colored people, bond or free. The wrath of the slaveholders was somewhat appeased by the capture of Nat Turner. The imprisoned were released. The slaves were sent to their masters, and the free were permitted to return to their ravaged homes. Visiting was strictly forbidden on the plantations. The slaves begged the privilege of again meeting at their little church in the woods, with their burying ground around it. It was built by the colored people, and they had no higher happiness than to meet there and sing hymns together, and pour out their hearts in spontaneous prayer. Their request was denied, and the church was demolished. They were permitted to attend the white churches, a certain portion of the galleries being appropriated to their use. There, when every body else had partaken of the communion, and the benediction had been pronounced, the minister said, “Come down, now, my colored friends.” They obeyed the summons, and partook of the bread and wine, in commemoration of the meek and lowly Jesus, who said, “God is your Father, and all ye are brethren.”

Chapter 16 questions

Chapter 16 Questions

Remember to answer in your own handwriting, in your own words, and fully and completely.

1. What were the specific consequences of the invention of the cotton gin? How did the growth of cotton – the “Cotton Kingdom” lead to the further retrenchment of an aristocratic class in the South? What were the characteristics of this aristocracy?
2. How did the development of the monopolistic plantation system weaken the Southern economy (AND southern society) overall? What was the impact on the soil? In what ways was cotton important economically to both the North and the South?
3. Explain the quote by Emerson on p. 377. What was the intent of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and who wrote it? What was the main theme of Uncle Tom’s cabin—a thing that slaves feared the most?
4. What were the specific impacts of the Cotton Kingdom on the American economy? How did it influence immigration patterns?
5. What were most Southern farmers like, and how did they live? What proportion of the Southern population was slaves, and where did most of them live? Explain how slave ownership was distributed through the population of the South, and why. How did the “mountain whites” feel about slavery, and where were they from?
6. Was slavery always a lifelong condition? Explain. Where was slave conditions the worst, and why?
7. How did Northerners generally feel about free African Americans living among them? Where were free blacks most likely to be? Why does your book call them the “third race?” Where did mixed-race people fit in?
8. How did the jobs slaves were given to do reflect their value? How were slaves motivated to work harder? What exactly were the legal rights that slaves had—or more appropriately, lacked—in the 19th century?
9. What were slave families like? What were slaves’ greatest fear? What was the greatest fear of slaveowners?
10. How did slaves resist the demands and expectations of the slave system? How successful were slave rebellions? What happened aboard the Amistad?
11. How did slaveowners justify their domination of slaves from a philosophical standpoint? How was acceptance of slavery changing throughout the Western world at this time?
12. Create a chart comparing and contrasting the American Colonization Society, the American Anti-Slavery Society, and the Liberty party.
13. Create a chart comparing and contrasting the major abolitionists mentioned in this chapter, including names of their publications. Who was the most and least radical?
14. What happened to abolitionists in the South? When did their movement become practically extinct? How did the abolition movement change after 1830?
15. What specific claims did Ulrich B. Phillips make about slaves in the Varying Viewpoints section?

Practice Questions Chapters 14-16

1. By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the “black belt” located in the
A. border states of Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland.
B. Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
C. old South states of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
D. new Southwest states of Texas, Arkansas, and Indian Territory.
E. mountain regions of Tennessee, West Virginia, and Kentucky.

2. In the 1790s a major transportation project linking the East to the trans-Allegheny West was the
A. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
B. National (Cumberland Road)
C. Erie Canal.
D. St Lawrence Seaway.
E. Lancaster Turnpike.

3. This innovation in corporate law encouraged investment and protected investors from huge losses.
A. limited liability
B. patent law
C. Marbury v. Madison
D. windfall profits taxes
E. habeas corpus

4. This women’s rights activist also was involved heavily in the abolition movement, due to her Quaker faith.
A. Harriet Tubman
B. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
C. Emily Dickinson
D. Lucretia Mott
E. Mary Lyon

5. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s “intellectual declaration of independence” was his
A. “The American Scholar” address at Harvard in 1837.
B. “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience” essay in 1849.
C. “Self-Reliance” essay in 1830
D. “Nature” essay in 1836.
E. “Leaves of Grass” poetry collection in 1855.

6. The wearing of pants by women was suggested by the fashions of
A. Katharine Hepburn D. Louisa May Alcott
B. the Shakers E. Carrie Chapman Catt
C. Amelia Bloomer

7. During the first hours of Nat Turner’s Rebellion, how were the first victims killed?
A. they were whipped to death
B. they were killed with hatchets and axes
C. they were lined up and shot
D. they were suffocated
E. their houses were set on fire

8. The American work force in the early 19th century was characterized by
A. substantial employment of women and children in factories.
B. reliance on the system of apprentices and masters.
C. a general lengthening of the workday from ten to fourteen hours.
D. extensive political activity among workers.
E. strikes by workers that were few in number but usually effective.

9. All of these were legal questions raised as a result of the new market economy EXCEPT
A. can a democratic government still support slavery?
B. should the government regulate monopolies?
C. who should own the new transportation network?
D. who should own these new technologies?
E. how tightly should patents protect inventions?

10. In general, ____ tended to bind the West and South together, while _____ and _____ connected West to East.
A. turnpikes, steamboats, canals
B. railroads, canals, steamboats
C. turnpikes, railroads, steamboats
D. canals, steamboats, turnpikes
E. steamboats, canals, railroads

11. According to Harriet Jacobs, in the wake of Nat Turner’s Rebellion,
A. the Underground Railroad was created.
B. gangs of poor whites looted blacks of their property.
C. many slaves ran off to live with Indians.
D. plantation owners began forbidding their slaves to attend church.
E. other slaves were hanged when Nat Turner could not be captured.

12. The case of Commonwealth v. Hunt was a notable exception to the legal understanding of workers’ rights in the early 19th century, since the decision stated that
A. women had to be paid as much as men for the same work.
B. workers should not be forced to work more than 10 hours in a day.
C. children could not be employed in factories.
D. unions were not illegal conspiracies so long as they were peaceful.
E. use of strikebreakers was illegal.

13. “Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?” Who said it?
A. Joseph Smith
B. John H. Noyes
C. Louisa May Alcott
D. Henry David Thoreau
E. James Madison

14. Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant were members of the
A. Knickerbocker group
B. Transcendentalists
C. Mormons
D. Christian Scientists
E. Hudson River School

15. Women became especially active in the social reforms stimulated by the 2nd Great Awakening because
A. they saw churches as the first institutions that needed to be reformed.
B. they refused to accept the idea that there was a special female role in society.
C. they were looking to obtain as much power as possible at the expense of men.
D. many of the leading preachers and evangelists were women.
E. religious social reform legitimized their activity outside the home.

16. This Alton, Illinois publisher and Presbyterian minister, was killed by a mob in 1837 for his activity on behalf of abolitionism.
A. Lewis Tappan
B. Lyman Beecher
C. William Wilberforce
D. Elijah Lovejoy
E. Wendell Phillips

17. John Quincy Adams waged an eight-year fight for repeal of
A. the Missouri Compromise’s allowance of slavery south of the 36° 30′ line.
B. the decision sending the Amistad mutineers back into slavery.
C. the Gag Rule in the House of Representatives that forbade the discussion of anti-slavery petitions.
D. the Three-Fifths Compromise.
E. the Black Codes of South Carolina.

Depiction of the Middle Passage from Amistad

Shocking. From the movie Amistad.

Test review chapters 14-16

1. By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the “black belt” located in the
A. border states of Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland.
B. mountain regions of Tennessee, West Virginia, and Kentucky.
C. old South states of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
D. new Southwest states of Texas, Arkansas, and Indian Territory.
E. Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

2. Sexual differences were strongly emphasized in 19^th century America because
A. the market economy increasingly separated men and women into distinct economic roles.
B. men were regarded as morally superior beings.
C. it was the duty of men to teach the young to be good, productive citizens.
D. frontier life necessitated these distinctions.
E. women believed this emphasis brought them greater respect.

3. By 1860, the value of slaves in the South was
A. two billion dollars.
B. five billion dollars.
C. one billion dollars.
D. 200 million dollars.
E. 500 million dollars.

4. The Anti-Masonic party of 1832 appealed to
A. the supporters of Andrew Jackson.
B. people opposed to the growing power of evangelical Protestants.
C. those who wished to keep the government from meddling in social and economic life.
D. American suspicions of secret societies.
E. supporters of the American System.

5. During the first hours of Nat Turner’s Rebellion, how were the first victims killed?
A. they were killed with hatchets and axes
B.  they were suffocated
C. they were lined up and shot
D. they were whipped to death
E. their houses were set on fire

6. Women became especially active in the social reforms stimulated by the 2^nd Great Awakening because
A. they were looking to obtain as much power as possible at the expense of men.
B. they refused to accept the idea that there was a special female role in society.
C. religious social reform legitimized their activity outside the home.
D. many of the leading preachers and evangelists were women.
E. they saw churches as the first institutions that needed to be reformed.

7. In general, ____ tended to bind the West and South together, while _____ and _____ connected West to East.
A. canals, steamboats, turnpikes
B. railroads, canals, steamboats
C. steamboats, canals, railroads
D. turnpikes, steamboats, canals
E. turnpikes, railroads, steamboats

8. Nauvoo, Illinois
A. was the site of a new factory dedicated to creating interchangeable parts.
B. was the home of Lane Theological Seminary.
C. was the site of a great anti-slavery riot in which a printer and
minister was killed.
D. was the site of the first women’s college in the US.
E. was where Brigham Young was elected to replace Joseph Smith

9. Slaves fought the system of slavery in all of the following ways EXCEPT
A. slowing down the work pace.
B. sabotaging expensive equipment.
C. refusing to get an education.
D. running away if possible.
E. stealing goods their labor had produced.

10. The basis for modern mass production was the
A. cotton gin.
B. use of interchangeable parts.
C. creation of the mechanized assembly line.
D. principle of limited liability.
E. musket.

11. Most white southerners were
A. industrialists.
B. subsistence farmers.
C. plantation owners.
D. small farmers with a few slaves.
E. mountain whites.

12. All of these were legal questions raised as a result of the new market economy EXCEPT
A. how tightly should patents protect inventions?
B. who should own the new transportation network?
C. can a democratic government still support slavery?
D. who should own these new technologies?
E. should the government regulate monopolies?

13. This semi- secret Irish organization helped Irish immigrants in America.
A. The Know-Nothings
B. The Molly Maguires
C. the Veiled Prophets
D. The Ancient Order of Hibernians
E. Sinn Fein

14. Which group would be least likely to support prohibition laws?
A. women
B. Protestant ministers
C. Temperance groups
D. Mormons
E. Roman Catholics

15. Transcendentalism was inspired by what simultaneous overseas movement?
A. Realism
B. the Enlightenment
C. the Renaissance
D. Romanticism
E. Abstract Expressionism

16. Which of these was NOT one of the “canal consequences?”
A. Many New England farmers had to give up farming and find other livelihoods, such as factory work.
B. Farmland in the Great Lakes area became much more profitable to farm.
C. Syracuse and Rochester in western New York experienced rapid growth.
D. The construction of railroads in New York and the Old Northwest was abandoned since canals were cheaper.
E. Chicago, Detroit and other cities of the Old Northwest became significant economic centers.